EDCI 700: Doctoral Seminar I - Investigation

Before you write about an article, you need to understand it. However, do not plan to read a scholarly or scientific journal article the same way you would a book or a magazine article. Scholarly, research articles typically follow this format:

Abstract (Summary) The abstract, generally written by the author(s) of the article, provides a concise summary of the whole article. Usually it highlights the focus, study results and conclusion(s) of the article.  

Introduction (Why) In this section, the authors introduce their topic, explain the purpose of the study, and present why it is important, unique or how it adds to existing knowledge in their field. Look for the author's hypothesis or thesis here.  

Introduction - Literature Review (Who else) Many scholarly articles include a summary of previous research or discussions published on this topic, called a "Literature Review".  This section outlines what others have found and what questions still remain.

Methodology / Materials and Methods (How)  Find the details of how the study was performed in this section. There should be enough specifics so that you could repeat the study if you wanted.  

Results  (What happened) This section includes the findings from the study. Look for the data and statistical results in the form of tables, charts, and graphs. Some papers include an analysis here.

Discussion / Analysis (What it means) This section should tell you what the authors felt was significant about their results. The authors analyze their data and describe what they believe it means.

Conclusion (What was learned) Here the authors offer their final thoughts and conclusions and may include: how the study addressed their hypothesis, how it contributes to the field, the strengths and weaknesses of the study, and recommendations for future research. Some papers combine the discussion and conclusion. 

While you are Reading:

• Keep in mind your research question

• Focus on the information in the article relevant to your question (feel free to skim over other parts)

• Question everything you read - not everything is 100% true or performed effectively

• Think critically about what you read and seek to build your own arguments

• Read out of order! This isn't a mystery novel or movie, you want to start with the spoiler

• Use any keywords printed by the journals as further clues about the article

• Look up words you don't know

How to Take Notes on the Article

Try different ways, but use the one that fits you best. Below are some suggestions:

• Print the article and highlight, circle and otherwise mark while you read (for a PDF, you can use the highlight text feature in Adobe Reader)

• Take notes on the sections, for example in the margins (Adobe Reader offers pop-up sticky notes)

• Highlight only very important quotes or terms - or highlight potential quotes in a different color

• Summarize the main or key points Reflect on what you have read - draw your own conclusions. As you read jot down questions that come to mind. These may be answered later on in the article or you may have found something that the authors did not consider. 

From Melanee Vicedo, Head, Education & Social Work Library Services, University of Southern California (USC), and her Library Guide: Evaluating Information Sources: Reading Scholarly Articles